In simple words, a turbo charger feeds more volume of air to the engine. The exhaust gases from your car turns a turbine. This turbine turns another one, which forces air into the engine. When more air is fed to te engine, the diesel gets efficiently combusted and wastege is reduced. Also, more diesel can be fed to maintain the air-fuel mixture and hence, the engine can give out more power. This will increase the power output of an engine.
Image source: Howstuff works
In low speeds, the amount of exhaust gases is less and so is its pressure. This much of pressure is not sufficient to spin the turbo. Also, the blades of the turbo create a resistance to the flow of exhaust gases. The combination of these will retard the engine untill the turbo spins optimally. Hence, this is referred to as turbo lag.
At a certain engine speed, the turbo starts working and due to this, the engine breathes and burns better. At this point, we feel a sudden burst of power. This is referred to as the boost of shoot or anything that describes a sudden burst of power.
Regarding misfire, I can roughly tell that unburnt fuel in the engine combusts after exiting the cylinder, thereby creating a reverse pressure in the exhaust section. I dont know exactly what misfire means as it has a lot of different scenarios
 Where there is a wheel, there is a way!
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